How is a ceramic membrane cleaned?

As the liquid is filtered, particles, oil, and biomass will accumulate on the ceramic membrane surface. If these objects are not eventually removed, it will lead to membrane fouling and, thereby, system downtime. So, periodic membrane cleaning is crucial to ensure an efficient and well-functioning operation. Let us dive into how a ceramic membrane is cleaned.

Regardless of the membranes’ dimensions or what material it is made of, the main problem during membrane filtration is fouling. Therefore, cleaning is essential to reduce fouling issues and restore permeability and selectivity. Cleaning is typically performed with mechanical forces as a physical cleaning or with chemicals as a chemical cleaning.

Cleaning Procedures

As feedwater is fed to the ceramic membranes, it is separated into permeate, which is filtered liquid, and concentrate, also recognized as concentrated feedwater. During operation, both these elements are removed from the membranes. However, visible and invisible substances such as particles, oil, and biomass from the feedwater will eventually foul the membranes. Such fouling is unavoidable, so when the fouling reaches a specific level, these substances must be removed utilizing a rising mechanism. Therefore, such cleaning procedures should be considered preventative maintenance of the membranes of a liquid filtration system. The cleaning procedure can occur either manually, semi-automatically, or fully automatically. Suppose this process is semi-automated or fully automated; a set time interval will generate the cleaning process when the filter turbidity exceeds a defined filtration guideline or when the differential pressure exceeds a specified value. Whether the cleaning procedure occurs manually, semi-automatically, or automatically there are three membrane cleaning processes. From what happens most frequently to most infrequently, these processes are; Crossflow, Backwash, and Cleaning-in-place (CIP). Let us be more specific about these three processes:

Crossflow

In the crossflow rinsing mechanism, the surface of the membranes is continually rinsed with feedwater. By doing so, fouling consisting of small filter cakes of particles or bio-fouling is continuously removed due to the shear force on the membrane surface created by the crossflow. This process increases the time interval that a filtration unit can be operational without further cleaning.

Backwash

A backwash is initiated via a backwash pump, which will reverse the liquid filtration system’s flow. This means that water is flushed back through the membrane’s pores from the opposite direction to mitigate and remove fouling. A backwash will jog the particles, oil droplets, and biomasses around the membrane’s flow channels. The backwash process may also include the sporadic use of compressed air. A backwash typically takes a few minutes, most frequently approximately 10 minutes, ensuring that all the fouling is sufficiently removed to continue the operation without further cleaning. The water consumption for backwash is reduced through modern technology, which provides a more profitable and sustainable solution by protecting scarce water resources.

Cleaning-in-Place (CIP)

The third cleaning process used in water filtration is CIP (Cleaning-in-place). Until the 1950s, closed industrial applications were dismantled completely to conduct manual cleaning demanding many working hours and extended operational downtime. However, we can clean filtration systems without utilizing time to dismantle them with chemical cleaning-in-place. CIP includes the combination of chemicals, heat, and water, which will cause targeted fouling to be dissolved due to the exploited chemicals. Even so, a membrane needs high chemical resistance to withstand periodic chemical cleaning. As ceramic membranes possess high chemical resistance, CIP is a very efficient method to clean ceramic membranes of a liquid filtration application while maintaining high hygiene standards, which is essential in most fluid purification processes.

Often, a water filtration system has two attached CIP tanks, ensuring the targeted fouling can be removed. One tank holds a chemical alkaline, which removes objects such as grease and other organic compounds. The other tank contains a chemical acid used to remove objects such as minerals. Thus, the membranes can be cleaned in a wide range of pH.

During the CIP process, the filtration system shuts down, and the required chemicals are dosed into the system. The substances will then be circulated in the ceramic membranes with a crossflow pump to secure sufficient cleaning of all surfaces. The circulation time can be installed based on specific requirements. The temperature is increased to approximately 40-60 °C to boost the effectiveness of the chemicals. Depending on the water filtration system, the utilized CIP process, and the cleaning requirements, CIP typically takes 60-90 minutes. When the CIP process is done, the system is emptied using a substantial cleaning dissolution, and everything is led back to the water system’s process tank. CIP does not produce any chemical waste which is not filtered.

Once a CIP is performed, the TMP and the permeability are restored.

Flat Sheet Membrane Cleaning

Cleaning of flat sheet membranes differ from tubular membranes as a flat sheet membrane has another dimension and uses outside-in filtration. Flat sheet membranes are cleaned with air scoring underneath the modules. Still, as described above, backwashing and CIP are also used for this membrane type.

Air Scouring

As CIP, air scoring can happen as an automated process. In air scouring, pipework distributes air and water evenly across the base of a membrane. Combined with high velocity, the water and air remove filter cakes consisting of biomass, enabling a water treatment unit with flat sheet membranes to continue operation. The air scoring intensity highly depends on the feedwater.

Efficient Cleaning Ensures Efficient Operations

It is essential to obtain the perfect balance between the operation and the cleaning procedures. On the one hand, if a water filtration application is not cleaned often enough, the ceramic membranes will foul, resulting in operational downtime. On the other hand, if a water filtration application is cleaned too often, it will also result in downtime. At LiqTech, we have more than 20 years of experience in membrane filtration systems, and we are ready to support you with expert guidance in preventive membrane cleaning. Identifying the most efficient balance ensures the most efficient and cost-effective operation. Read more about how ceramic membranes work here.

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